Caring Interventions for the Most Vulnerable Populations in Economically Disadvantaged Areas during the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic by Non-Governmental Organizations in Kenya

This paper deals with COVID-19-hit Kenyan slums and the numerous interventions civil society organizations implemented during the first waves of the pandemic since it was initially detected in March 2020. As part of a comprehensive project using mixed methodology, including desk research and key informant interviews, community-based organizations and non-governmental organizations, together with other stakeholders of their collaborative networks, were investigated regarding the roles that they played, the projects they carried out, and the interventions they were involved in in the mitigation of the negative impacts of COVID-19. This paper investigates how COVID-19 actually hit Kenyan slums and how it affected civil society organizations during the pandemic. © 2023 by the authors.

Ethnic Reflections of the Global Outbreak: A Multi-Dimensional Examination on Syrian Refugees and Settlements in the First Phase of the Coronavirus Outbreak

This study aims to examine the effects of the coronavirus pan-demic on Syrian refugees at the neighbourhood level within the framework of perceptions, personal protection experiences, economic and social structure, and practices of neighbourhood usage. The major data source of this qualitative study included in-depth interviews with Syrian refugees living in Ulubey-Onder Neighbourhoods (Ankara). The findings displayed the effects of the pandemic on Syrians and their settlements, and a compari-son before and after the outbreak. The study demonstrated that the effective information sources of Syrians are composed of so-cial and communicational networks, and social media platforms. Their religious beliefs and social and economic needs both shape their perception on not being contaminated, and explain their reaction towards and resistance to respect the measures of the outbreak. Their lack of knowledge on available health services, attitudes of ignoring the use of face masks and social distanc-ing rules, family structures, and living and working conditions in-crease the risk of the spread of the virus. Although the crowded streets proved that human movement and commercial vitality in Syrian settlements continue as it was before the pandemic, the family incomes and standards of living diminished due to laid offs and limited access to donations of NGOs. This led to empowerment of solidarity networks and social relations in the area. Additionally, this study found out both gender differences in socialization opportunities, and negative effects of curfews and suspension of congregational praying activities on social life dur-ing pandemic times.

Social solidarity in the COVID-19 pandemic

The purpose of this article is to investigate the administrative, economic and social legal dimensions of the coronavirus pandemic;examine how public policies aimed at emergency social rescue are being implemented. This qualitative research is carried out through national and foreign bibliographic consultations;assuming that this COVID-19 pandemic may be a turning point for economic, social and legal relations to turn to solidarity. It is observed that nations move large public countercyclical investments to overcome the crisis caused by social isolation, unemployment and scarcity. Companies and individuals try to make generous contributions to scientific vaccine research. Solidarity in the favelas was greater in the distribution of food. It is observed in the international experience that favela populations are more exposed to contamination and that the distribution of emergency aid in cash by governments is more efficient than the distribution of food. Despite the difficulties of governmental coordination to combat the pandemic in Brazil a lot has been done, but the solidarity is one the main driver of people and companies. This little extract from the pandemic does not exhaust the issue and does not manage to measure all the economic, social and legal consequences that will come, or even, what will be the number of deaths, but it contributes to the perception of size of problem and how to overcome the challenges.

Impacts of COVID-19 on Public Health in Urban Slums in India and Lessons for the Future

This paper examines the impact of the pandemic on India's public health system of the country, especially from the perspective of urban slumdwellers. Drawing on a qualitative study carried out by the Urban Health Resource Centre in selected slums in Indore and Agra, the paper reflects the impact of the pandemic on the provision of essential health services such as maternal and child healthcare, family planning, immunization for children and the detection and treatment of non-COVID ailments such as tuberculosis. The authors argue that the veritable collapse of healthcare to the most vulnerable sections of the population exposed the structural weaknesses of India's healthcare system. To build a more robust public health system in India to tackle future crises of this kind, the authors call for strengthening the health infrastructure in small to medium-sized cities and reinforcing other crucial determinants of well-being such as food security, livelihood opportunities and support and enhanced education opportunities. © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023.

Pandemic within a pandemic! Policy Implications of community-based Interventions to mitigate violence against women during COVID-19 in Urban Slums of Lucknow, India.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought an unprecedented adverse impact on women's health. Evidence from the literature suggests that violence against women has increased multifold. Gender-based violence in urban slums has worsened due to a lack of water and sanitation services, overcrowding, deteriorating conditions and a lack of institutional frameworks to address gender inequities. Methods: The SAMBHAV (Synchronized Action for Marginalized to Improve Behaviors and Vulnerabilities) initiative was launched between June 2020 to December 2020 by collaborating with the Uttar Pradesh state government, UNICEF and UNDP. The program intended to reach 6000 families in 30 UPS (Urban Poor settlements) of 13 city wards. These 30 UPS were divided into 5 clusters. The survey was conducted in 760 households, 397 taken from randomly selected 15 interventions and 363 households from 15 control UPS. This paper utilized data from a baseline assessment of gender and decision-making from a household survey conducted in the selected UPS during July 03-15, 2020. A sample size of 360 completed interviews was calculated for intervention and control areas to measure changes attributable to the SAMBHAV intervention in the behaviours and service utilization (pre- and post-intervention). Results: The data analysis showed a significant difference (p-value < 0.001) between respondents regarding women's freedom to move alone in the control and intervention area. It also reflected a significant difference between control and intervention areas as the respondents in the intervention area chose to work for the cause of gender-based violence. Conclusion: The SAMBHAV initiative brought an intersectional lens to gender issues. The community volunteers were trained to approach issues based on gender-based violence with the local public, and various conferences and meetings were organized to sensitize the community. The initiative's overall impact was that it built momentum around the issue of applying the concept of intersectionality for gender issues and building resilience in the community. There is still a need to bring multi-layered and more aggressive approaches to reduce the prevalence of gender-based violence in the community.

A Range of Informality Across Cities and Slums: Understanding Precarity in Patna's Slums Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic

This article proposes a framework for understanding why slum residents are particularly vulnerable to economic downturns. We centre evidence from Bihar's capital city, Patna, to examine how downturns are experienced more severely in some cities and slums than others. We argue slums are zones of pervasive informality, remaining largely disconnected from formal institutions and dependent on discretionary supports. But the extent of informality, and vulnerability, varies within and across cities. Relative to those in the cities we compare to, Patna's slum residents are poorer, less upwardly mobile and have weaker property rights and shallower institutional connections. We argue this makes them particularly vulnerable to downward shocks and we present evidence from the case of the coronavirus pandemic to show that they experienced this disaster particularly severely. Our results have important policy implications: in general, slum residents require greater policy and institutional support, but there is important variation in their vulnerability and needs within and across cities. Moreover, while most research on slums focuses on mega- and first-tier cities, we emphasize the urgent need for more attention to second- and third-tier cities—where the degree of informality, and consequently, the vulnerability to downward spirals, can be greater. © 2023 The Author(s).

Health and social needs of older adults in slum communities in Ghana: a phenomenological approach used in 2021.

Slum-dwellers lack several essential amenities (such as water, sanitation, and electricity) which make them more vulnerable than non-slum dwellers. As there is limited to no access to health and social care services in slums, the slum environment is expected to be an even more dangerous environment for older adults, negatively impacting their quality of life (QoL). To provide an overview of the perceived (unmet) health and social care needs and how it affects the QoL, this study aims to explore the self-perceived health and social needs of older adults in urban slums in Ghana. Using a phenomenological approach, 25 semi-structured interviews were conducted between May and June 2021, in the homes of older adults in two slums in Ghana. After coding and analysing the transcripts, five main themes emerged: (a) perception of health; (b) (de)motivators of health service use; (c) perception of social care, (d) social needs, and (e) influence of phenomena on QoL. It appeared that older adults believed that spiritual powers were causing illnesses and influenced their use of formal health services. Other factors such as expired insurance cards and the attitude of healthcare workers served as demotivators for using health services.Perceived health needs were mainly current disease conditions (arthritis, diabetes, hypertension, vision/hearing challenges), challenges with health insurance, the behaviour of some health professionals, the proximity of health facilities, and unnecessary queues at major health facilities. Unmet social needs identified by this study were a sense of neglect by family (need for companionship), requiring assistance with activities of daily living, and the need for financial support. Participants had more health needs than social needs. Health providers do not usually prioritize the care of slum-dwelling older adults. Most participants still have challenges with the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS). Their social needs were mainly related to financial difficulties and help with some activities of daily living. Participants expressed that they desired companionship (especially the widowed or divorced ones) and the lack of it made them feel lonely and neglected. Home visits by health professionals to older adults should be encouraged to monitor their health condition and advocate for family members to keep older adults company. Healthcare providers should exhibit positive attitudes and educate older patients on the advantages of formal health services use, as well as the need to seek early treatment as this will influence their QoL to a large extent.

Perceptions of and Attitudes toward COVID-19 Vaccination among Urban Slum Dwellers in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Vaccine hesitancy or low uptake was identified as a major threat to global health by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019. Vaccine hesitancy is context-specific and varies across time, place, and socioeconomic groups. In this study, we aimed to understand the perceptions of and attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination through time among urban slum dwellers in Dhaka, Bangladesh. In-depth telephone interviews were conducted between October 2020 and January 2021 with 36 adults (25 females and 11 males) living in three urban slums of Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Follow-up interviews were undertaken in April and August 2021 to capture any shift in the participants' perceptions. Our findings show that for many there was an initial fear and confusion regarding the COVID-19 vaccine among people living in urban informal settlements;this confusion was soon reduced by the awareness efforts of government and non-government organizations. Women and young people were more interested in being vaccinated as they had had more exposure to the awareness sessions conducted by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and on social media. However, people living in the slums still faced systemic barriers, such as complicated online vaccine registration and long queues, which led to low uptake of the vaccine despite their increased willingness to be vaccinated. This study highlights the importance of using sources such as NGO workers and television news to debunk myths, disseminate COVID-19 vaccine information, and support adherence to vaccination among urban slum dwellers. Our study underscores the importance of addressing systemic barriers blocking access and understanding community perceptions in order to develop effective communication strategies for vulnerable groups that will then improve the COVID-19 vaccine uptake.

Urbanization and COVID‐19 Prevalence in India

The research questions we answer in this paper pertain to the socio‐economic determinants of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), the relationship between urbanization, urban primacy, the proportion of households in slums, urban poverty, health infrastructure, open spaces in cities and COVID prevalence, in India. We find that urbanization, higher workforce participation, higher population density and higher income lead to increased Covid prevalence. We find a positive relationship between urban primacy, slum households and COVID‐19, and a negative association between health infrastructure, parks and COVID‐19. Cities should develop and maintain not only hospital infrastructure such as beds, but also parks in the post‐pandemic world.Alternate :Las preguntas de investigación a las que respondemos en este artículo se relacionan con los determinantes socioeconómicos de la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID‐19), la relación entre la urbanización, la primacía urbana, la proporción de hogares en barrios marginales, la pobreza urbana, la infraestructura sanitaria, los espacios abiertos en las ciudades y la prevalencia de COVID, en la India. Se encontró que la urbanización, una mayor participación de la fuerza laboral, una mayor densidad de población y mayores ingresos conducen a una mayor prevalencia de COVID. Se encontró una relación positiva entre la primacía urbana, los hogares de barrios marginales y COVID‐19, y una asociación negativa entre la infraestructura sanitaria, los parques y COVID‐19. En el mundo post‐pandémico, las ciudades deberían desarrollar y mantener no sólo infraestructuras hospitalarias, como las camas, sino también los parques.Alternate :抄録本稿では、インドにおける新型コロナウイルス感染症 (COVID‐19)の社会経済的決定因子に関連する研究課題、すなわち、都市化、都市の優位性、スラム世帯の割合、都市貧困、健康インフラ、都市のオープンスペース、COVID‐19の罹患率、以上の関連性を解明する。都市化、より高い労働参加率、より高い人口密度及びより高い所得がCOVID‐19の罹患率の増加につながることが分かった。その結果、都市の優位性、スラム世帯、COVID‐19には正の関連性があり、保健インフラ、公園、COVID‐19には負の関連性があることがわかった。COVID‐19のパンデミック後の世界では、都市は病床数などの医療インフラだけでなく公園も開発し維持しなければならない。

Characteristics of the Urban Poor under COVID-19 Control Measures: A Case Study in Bangkok

The study aims to investigate the effects of COVID-19 and highlight characteristics of the urban poor during the COVID-19 outbreak in Bangkok. The study utilizes data from community surveys with multi- stage sampling to obtain a total of 500 samples in the slums during the first lockdown in Bangkok and displays results in descriptive statistics and empirical tests using binary and order logit models. Results show that the poor have faced the most adverse socioeconomic impacts during the COVID- 19 outbreak with restrictive controls, such as experiencing the largest income reduction and deficit as well as an increasing debt ratio. Binary logit estimations indicate that the poor are likely to be those with low education and be unemployed both during and after the lockdown periods. Unemployment during the lockdown had the largest significant effect on poverty and an even greater effect in the post-lockdown. In addition, age is another significant factor for the poor after the lockdown, indicating the possibility for older- aged workers and the elderly to become poor in the post-COVID period. Ordered logit estimations also reveal that aging has a negatively significant relationship to income level after the lockdown, while women tend to drop their income levels significantly during the lockdown when there was high unemployment. Therefore, policies should be prepared to mitigate adverse effects of the vulnerable groups. Not only should short- term policies and welfare schemes be provided during the lockdown, but policies must also be considered with a long- term human development approach in the post- COVID world. This study suggests social protection policies with comprehensive and potential concerns. © 2023 Thailand and The World Economy. All rights reserved.

Mobilizing Care and Housing Access. Demanding Responses to the Local Government in Buenos Aires in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The Covid-19 pandemic made starkly visible the housing crisis in the City of Buenos Aires characterized by the increasing presence of precarious housing situations. The mandatory social isolation imposed nation-wide at the onset of the pandemic significantly delayed the spread of the virus. Yet, this policy revealed the exclusion of the most vulnerable populations- the unhoused and slum dwellers. The city government of Buenos Aires offered the unhoused and slum dwellers patch-aid policies that immediately triggered the reaction of a collective of unhoused advocacy groups and grassroots organizations (GOs). Long-term and new GOs, demanded from the local government, adequate housing and immediate sanitary assistance for those who were already living in precarious conditions. We selected two case studies that were at the forefront of the array of claims and critiques to the local government during the pandemic. Most of these claims were situated under the constitutional "right-to-housing" established in the Argentinean constitution. We argue that the GOs mobilized an "ethic of care" whereby they built networks of care and assistance rooted in the idea of a relational social ontology. At the same time, they did not intend to replace the State's withdrawal from being a welfare provider and guarantor of rights, but to call attention to the State's moral obligation to care.

Societal Shocks and Gender-Based Violence Among Vulnerable People in Kibra and Other Informal Settlements Around Nairobi, Kenya

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on peace is unfolding. While some forms of violence declined in the short-term, growing unease with lockdowns and rising economic uncertainty resulted in civil unrest and violence increasing in 2020. According to the 2021 Institute for Economic and Peace, over 5000 pandemic-related violent events were recorded between January 2020 and April 2021. They outline that the pandemic has had a devastating impact on socioeconomic development in many countries. In 2020, the economic impact of violence to the global economy was USD 14.96 trillion in purchasing power parity terms. This is equivalent to 11.6% of the world's economic activity or USD 1942.00 per person. In Kenya, the 2020 National Crime Research Centre revealed that socioeconomic shocks caused by COVID-19 increased violence—especially gender-based violence (GBV)—among people living in Kibra, Nairobi's largest informal settlement, as well as other slums located in the city. Between January and June of 2020, 71% of the 2416 cases of GBV reported were female victims. The main perpetrators of GBV are youthful males aged 18–33 years who are in the context of a family or intimate partner relationship. This chapter will look at the social structures that increase the vulnerability of people living in Nairobi's slums in comparison to the other parts of the country. Specifically, it utilizes Galtung's classification of direct, structural, and cultural violence framework to analyze structures to increase resilience of people in informal settlements in the context of COVID-19, so as to suggest policy directions that can foster institutions and structures that create and sustain peaceful societies. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Building emotional-political communities to address gendered violence against women and girls during COVID-19 in the favelas of Maré, Rio de Janeiro

Although the intensification of direct and indirect gendered violence against women during the COVID-19 pandemic has been extensively reported globally, there is limited research on women's responses to it. Addressing calls to explore the relationships between emotional-affective atmospheres and politics during the pandemic as well as to centre analyses of gendered violence within geography, this paper explores how women in the favelas of Maré, in Rio de Janeiro have developed mutual support, (self)-care and activism in the face of the crisis. Engaging with nascent debates on responses to COVID-19, together with feminist geographical work on resistance to gendered violence, the article adapts the notion of ‘emotional communities' developed by Colombian anthropologist, Myriam Jimeno, to examine how emotional bonds created among survivors of violence are reconfigured into political action. Drawing on qualitative research with 32 women residents and 9 community actors involved in two core community initiatives in Maré, the paper develops the idea of building reactive and transformative ‘emotional-political communities' at individual and collective levels to mitigate gendered violence and wider intersectional structural violence. Emotional-political community building is premised on grassroots activism among women and organisations that develops as part of compassionate (self)-care and the quiet rather than spectacular politics of change.

Urbanización subalterna en tiempos de pandemia. Asentamientos informales en Chile

The permanence of informal settlements in Latin America reflects insufficient public policies and markets incapable of providing housing for poor groups in society. However, it is also a manifestation of the pulse of residents to manage housing alternatives. This article describes the first impacts of the COVID-19 health emergency on housing, based on the example of the consolidation of the Campamento Altos de Placilla Nuevo. The research focused on the resident's elections, building processes, and inhabit experiences through a mixed and participatory methodology. It is concluded that, although the pandemic was an accelerating factor that exposed the vulnerability of low-income families, living in the camp made it possible to improve their living conditions, both in a context of abandonment and uncertainty. © 2022 Universidad Nacional de Colombia. All rights reserved.

Large-eddy simulations to define building-specific similarity relationships for natural ventilation flow rates

Natural ventilation can play an important role towards preventing the spread of airborne infections in indoor environments. However, quantifying natural ventilation flow rates is a challenging task due to significant variability in the boundary conditions that drive the flow. In the current study, we propose and validate an efficient strategy for using computational fluid dynamics to assess natural ventilation flow rates under variable conditions, considering the test case of a single-room home in a dense urban slum. The method characterizes the dimensionless ventilation rate as a function of the dimensionless ventilation Richardson number and the wind direction. First, the high-fidelity large-eddy simulation (LES) predictions are validated against full-scale ventilation rate measurements. Next, simulations with identical Richardson numbers, but varying dimensional wind speeds and temperatures, are compared to verify the proposed similarity relationship. Last, the functional form of the similarity relationship is determined based on 32 LES. Validation of the surrogate model against full-scale measurements demonstrates that the proposed strategy can efficiently inform accurate building-specific similarity relationships for natural ventilation flow rates in complex urban environments.

The connection between slums and COVID-19 cases in Jakarta, Indonesia: A case study of Kapuk Urban Village.

COVID-19 has spread world-wide, and with multiple health, social, and economic ramifications. These present a formidable challenge for those belonging to vulnerable communities, such as those living in slums. There is now a growing literature urging attention to this challenge. However, few studies have examined the actual lived realities within these areas using direct, observational research, notwithstanding commentary elsewhere that such close attention is necessary to ensure effective action. This study took this approach in relation to a particular case-study, Kapuk Urban Village, in Jakarta, Indonesia. Drawing on an existing schema involving three spatial scales of slum areas (environs, settlement, and object), the research confirms how different built and socio-economic features can exacerbate vulnerability, and COVID-19 transmission. We also add to the body of knowledge by contributing a dimension of 'ground-level' research engagement. We conclude by discussing related ideas around ensuring community resilience and effective policy implementation, and recommend an "urban acupuncture" approach to encourage government regulations and actions better tailored to such communities.

Enablers and barriers to COVID-19 vaccine uptake in an urban slum in Lagos, Nigeria: informing vaccine engagement strategies for the marginalized.

BACKGROUND: Vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a cost-effective mitigation strategy against the pandemic. As the COVID-19 vaccine becomes more available, low uptake is now a global threat and understanding the underpinnings in local contexts is a priority for intervention development. We aimed to evaluate behavioural determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance that could inform engagement strategies to improve vaccine uptake in Makoko, an urban slum in Lagos, Nigeria. METHODS: A population-based case-control study utilized the barrier analysis (BA) approach to evaluate the beliefs and behaviours of 45 'doers' and 45 'non-doers'. The standardized BA tabulation sheet was used to assess differences in the proportions between the two groups to identify significant factors that could be addressed through a behaviour change strategy. RESULTS: Perceived social norms (family, friend, healthcare workers) that approve the vaccine and expected vaccine protection against diseases among doers were determinants of behaviour. Perceived poor accessibility, safety concerns, lack of trust, low vaccine efficacy and low susceptibility to the infection were the most important determinants of behaviour among non-doers. CONCLUSIONS: Measures to improve COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Makoko should include improvement in accessibility and exposing myths and misinformation through clear, concise and evidence-based community education delivered by trusted persons such as healthcare workers and religious leaders.

Slums and pandemics.

How do slums shape the economic and health dynamics of pandemics? A difference-in-differences analysis using millions of mobile phones in Brazil shows that residents of overcrowded slums engaged in less social distancing after the outbreak of Covid-19. We develop and calibrate a choice-theoretic equilibrium model in which individuals are heterogeneous in income and some people live in high-density slums. Slum residents account for a disproportionately high number of infections and deaths and, without slums, deaths increase in non-slum neighborhoods. Policy analysis of reallocation of medical resources, lockdowns and cash transfers produce heterogeneous effects across groups. Policy simulations indicate that: reallocating medical resources cuts deaths and raises output and the welfare of both groups; mild lockdowns favor slum individuals by mitigating the demand for hospital beds, whereas strict confinements mostly delay the evolution of the pandemic; and cash transfers benefit slum residents to the detriment of others, highlighting important distributional effects.

COVID-19 phobia, response to the vaccine and the right of urban migrant dwellers in the Ghanaian slums

PurposeThis study investigate urban migrant dwellers' gender and age differences in response to the specific phobia of COVID-19 and hesitancy toward vaccines in the slum settlements. Design/methodology/approachThe study anchored on the two-factor model proposed by Mowrer (1939) and used a quantitative design approach with a convenience sampling method for data gathering among 362 urban migrants residing and working in the cities of Ghana. The study used the Mann-Whitney U test and the regression analysis for the analysis. FindingsThe result showed that there is a significant difference between males and females in their understanding of economic phobia, thoughts on social phobia and perception level of vaccine hesitancy. Additionally, there is a significant difference between age groups in their level of thoughts of psychological phobia, economic phobia and thoughts of vaccine hesitancy. Finally, the specific of phobias of COVID-19 are significant predictors of vaccine hesitancy. Research limitations/implicationsThis research is slum-specific, which implies that the outcome cannot be generalized to other geographical settings. Practical implicationsThe study demonstrates how a pandemic manifests itself to dwellers in slums. The outcome of the study sheds light on how policymakers appreciate the dynamics of the pandemic in a developing country, which may guide future responses to pandemics. Originality/valueThe outcome of the study sheds light on how policymakers appreciate the dynamics of the pandemic in a developing country, which may guide future responses to pandemics.

Drivers of Solid Waste Segregation and Recycling in Kampala Slums, Uganda: A Qualitative Exploration Using the Behavior Centered Design Model.

Solid-waste management is a challenge in many cities, especially in low-income countries, including Uganda. Simple and inexpensive strategies such as solid-waste segregation and recycling have the potential to reduce risks associated with indiscriminate waste management. Unfortunately, these strategies have not been studied and adopted in slums in low-income countries. This cross-sectional qualitative study, therefore, used the behavioral-centered design model to understand the drivers of recycling in Kampala slums. Data were coded using ATLAS ti version 7.0, and content analysis was used for interpreting the findings. Our findings revealed that the study practices were not yet habitual and were driven by the presence of physical space for segregation containers, and functional social networks in the communities. Additionally, financial rewards and awareness related to the recycling benefits, and available community support were found to be critical drivers. The availability of infrastructure and objects for segregation and recycling and the influence of politics and policies were identified. There is, therefore, need for both the public and private sector to engage in developing and implementing the relevant laws and policies on solid waste recycling, increase community awareness of the critical behavior, and create sustainable markets for waste segregated and recycled products.